|
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国人造纸已经有两千年了。 此句谓语动词用了现在完成时，其结构是have/ has been+现在分词。 现在完成进行是一种兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示这一动作仍在进行或尚在继续。例如： I’ve been writing a letter. 我一直在写信。(我仍在写信) I’ve written a letter. 我写了一封信。(信已写好) They have been cleaning the classroom. (这项工作仍在进行)比较： They have cleaned the classroom. 他们把教室打扫过了。(这项工作已经完成) 句子分析 It is believed that before writing was developed, people in China used to keep records by putting a number of stones together. 据悉，在有文字以前，中国人常把许多石头放在一起来记事。 1) 本句用的句型是“It is believed + that –clause.” It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that-clause，而在that-clause中又包括了一个由从属连词before引出的时间状语从句。 “It is believed +that-clause”相当于“People believe+ that-clause”可译作“人们相信/据信……”。类似的结构有：“It is said/ known/ agreed/ thought + that-clause”。例如： It is believed that there is plenty of oil off our coast. 据信我国沿海有大量的石油。 2)介词by在这儿和-ing形式连用，表示“用……方式”，“靠……手段”的意思。例如： It is thought that he (has) made much money by selling cigarettes. 人们认为他靠卖香烟赚了很多钱。 At the same time another kind of paper was developed, made form silk. 在这一时期，研制了另一种纸，它是用丝帛制成的。 1)at the same time 作“同时”解。如： They went their different ways, but arrived at the same time. 他们走的是不同的路线，但却同时到了。 2)made from silk过去分词短语作定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，which was made from silk修饰主语another kind of paper. The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use. 问题是这些丝织品太贵重，用作日常的书写太昂贵。 (1)句中的“The problem is that…”是个常用句型，在英语语法中，它被称作“主系表” (主语+连系动词+表语)结构。而其中的表语用了一个从句形式(that-clause)。这类句型的主语往往用下列名词question, reason, result, fact, suggestion等。例如： The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening. 问题在于我们能否在明晚以前完成我们的工作。 The fact is that he never told me the truth. 事实是，他从未对我讲真话。 2)句中的“too…for”表示“太……以致不好/不能……”。这里的介词for所接宾语(内容)有否定的含意。例如： The room is too small for us three. 这房间太小，我们三人住不下。 说明：“too…to”也表达同一含意。区别是：for +n/ pron.; to+in f.。 By the first century the making of paper in some parts of China had been well developed and had become common. 到了公元一世纪，中国有些地区造纸业已十分发达并且变得普遍了。 本句有两个并列谓语，都用了过去完成时态(had been well developed和had become common)，表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生的动作。这一过去时间是通过介词by的短语(By the first century)来表示的。又如： She had not finished her report by yesterday afternoon. 到昨天下午为止，她还没有写完报告。 By the end of last week all the plans had been made. 到上周末为止，所有的计划都订出来了。 They carved a whole page of characters back to front in the wood “back to front” 是一个合成词，作“反面地”解，在句中作状语，修饰动词carved。 这种合成词是“名词+介词+名词”构成。词与词之间应有连字符连接，如： 如face-to-face(面对面)、back-to-back(背面背) side-by-side(肩并肩)、hand-in-hand (手牵手)等 这种合成词在句中多作定语;词与词之间无连字符连接、多作状语。例如： The boy has his sweater on back to front. He came face to face with death. Although these were much more useful than the metal pots, they were still difficult to read and were very heavy to carry. (责任编辑：admin) |