四、非谓语动词学习应注意的问题及其练习 非谓语动词是指分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)、不定式、动名词等三种形式,即: doing,done,todo,doing。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式,如: 现在分词doing:有beingdone(被动式);havingdone(完成式);havingbeendo ne(完成被动式) 不定式todo:有tobedone(被动式);tohavedone(完成式);tobedoing(进行式) 动名词doing:有havingdone(完成式);beingdone(被动式); 非谓语动词的特点:三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征,虽然它们没有人称和数的变化,但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征:分词具有形容词和副词的特征;动名词具有名词的特征;不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。具体来讲:分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等;动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等;不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。 下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解: 一.动词不定式 先看几个例句,判断不定式在句中的成分。 1.Tolearnaforeignlanguageisdifficult. 2.Hiswishistobeadriver. 3.Tomwantedtohaveacupofbeer. 4.Theteachertoldustodomorningexercises. 5.Ihavenothingtosay. 6.Theywenttoseetheiraunt. 7.It’seasytoseetheiraunt. 8.Idon’tknowwhattodonext. 9.Iheardthemmakeanoise. 说明:1.动词不定式作主语,2.动词不定式作表语,3.动词不定式作宾语,4.动词不定式作宾语补足语,5.动词不定式作定语,6.动词不定式作目的状语,7.动词不定式作真正主语,it代替动词不定式,作形式主语。8.带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语,9.不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题: 1.“to”是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to都是介词。 agreetoobjecttocloseto,cometo,leadto,referto, equalto,familiarto,pointto,thankto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto 2.带to还是不带to Ihavenochoicebuttogivein Icannotdoanythingbutgivein Isawhimentertheclassroom. (但是:Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.) 3.动词不定式逻辑主语是由for作为标记的。但是有时用of. It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard. It’sfoolishofhimtodoit. 与of连用的形容词有: good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,possible 4.后接不定式作宾语的动词有: want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expectetc. 需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语,而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而说Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws. 5.不定式的省略。下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to。 wantto,wishto,hopeto,liketo,hateto,planto,tryto,loveto,haveto,o ughtto,needto,usedto,beableto 6.不定式作定语,应注意两种关系: 1)动宾关系: Hehasalotofmeetingtoattend. Pleaselendmesomethingtowritewith. Heislookingforaroomtolive Heislookingforaroomtolivein. Hehasnomoneyandnoplace tolive(in). Ithinkthebestwaytotravel(by)isonfoot. Thereisnotimetothink(about). 2)主谓关系: Sheisalwaysthelast(person)tospeakatthemeeting. ----I’mgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealettertopost.(逻辑主语是I) -------Thankyou.ButIhavenoletterstobepostednow(逻辑主语不是I) 7.不定式作状语,可以有以下几种意义: 1)原因 Heisluckytogethereontime. 这种结构中常用的形容词有: happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious.lucky,fortunate,proud,angrysurprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy 2)目的 Hecametohelpmewithmymaths. 3)结果 Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout. Thebookistoohardfortheboytoread. Heisoldenoughtogotoschool. 8.不定式作补足语 Isawhimplayinthestreetjustnow. 能跟不带to的不定式作补足语的动词有: see,feel,hear,listento,lookat,watch,let,havemake,observe,notice 注:当这些词为被动式时,不定式要带to,如: Hewasseentoplayinthestreetjustnow. 二.动名词 LearningEnglishisverydifficult. 学英语非常困难。 Hisjobisdrivingabus. 他的工作是开车。 Ienjoydancing. 我喜欢跳舞。 Ihavegotusedtolivinginthecountry. 我已经习惯了住农村。 Takesomesleepingtablets,andyouwillsoonfallasleep. 吃点安眠药,你很快就会入睡。 注意以下几种结构: 1.There’snotellingwhatwillhappen. =It’simpossibletotellwhatwillhappen. =Noonecantellwhatwillhappen. 2.It’snousetalkingwithhim. It’snogoodspeakingtothemlikethat. 3.There’ssomedifficulty(in)doing… 在此句型中,difficulty可以由以下单词替换: trouble,problem,fun,pleasure,agoodtime,ahardtime 注意以下几个问题: 1.下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别, forgettodo…忘记要做某事 forgetdoing…忘记做了某事 remembertodo…记住要做某事 rememberdoing…记着做了某事 meantodo…有意要做某事 meandoing…意味着做了某事 regrettodo…对要做的事表示后悔 regretdoing…对做过去的事后悔 can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事 can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事 trytodo…尽力去做某事 trydoing试着做某事 learntodo…学着去做某事 learndoing…学会做某事 stoptodo…停下来去做(另一件事) stopdoing…停止做某事 goontodo…接着做(另外一件事) goondoing…继续做某事 usedtodo…过去做某事 beusedtodoing…习惯做某事 2.动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别 动名词作定语表达n+fordoing的含义 现在分词作定语表达n+which(who)bedoing的含义 如:asleepingcar=acarforsleeping arunninghorse=ahorsewhichisrunning 前者是动名词,后者是现在分词 又如:drinkingwater,walkingstickrunningwater,sleepingboy 3.动名词的逻辑主语: 动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。 例如:Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy. 4.动名词的语态和时态 5.动名词主动形式表被动的情况: needdoing,wantdoing,requiredoing 例如:Thisroomneedspainting.这个房间需要粉刷。 6.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词: admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit.practise,require,suggest,risk,keep,taketo,lookforwardto,getdownto,feellike,can’thelp,can’tstand,beusedto,insiston,succeedin,setabout,giveup,include, 三.分词 1Thestoryisinteresting.I’minterestedinit. 这个故事有兴趣,我对这个故事感兴趣。 2.Thisisamovingfilm. 这是一部动人的电影。 3.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,preparingalongspeechforthepresident. 秘书工作到深夜,为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。 4.Givenmoretime,I’lldoitwell. 如果给我多一点时间,我会做的更好。 Whenhepassedthebackofthestreet,hesawthethiefstealingsomemoneyfromthebank. 当他后街时,看到小偷正从银行偷钱。 应注意的几个问题: 1.现在分词与过去分词的区别 DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom? =DoyouknowthewomanwhoistalkingtoTom? Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor. =Thesoldierwhowaswoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor. ChinaisadevelopingcountryandAmericaisadevelopedcountry. 2.分词作表语 Thenewssoundsencouraging. Theygotveryexcited. 1)现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别: Thenewsisinteresting. Heisinterestedinthenews. doing作表语,主语与表语是主谓关系;done作表语,主语与表语是动宾关系。 2)表语与被动式的区别: TheblackboardwasbrokenbyXiaoMing.(强调动作) Theblackboardisbroken.You’dbetterhaveitrepaired.(强调状态) 3)常作表语的过去分词: amused,injured,covered,known,dressed,lost,broken,gone,delighted,excited,pleased,satisfied,married,worried,surprised,interested,burnt,shut,crowded,wounded,drank,done 3.现在分词、动名词现在进行时的区别 Thesituationinourcountryisencouraging.(表语) Thesituationinourcountryisencouragingthepeople.(现在进行时) Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.(动名词) 能回答how-question的是现在分词,能回答what-question的动名词,即不能回答how-question也不能回答what-question的是现在进行时。 例如:Howisthesituationinourcountry?Itisencouraging. Whatisyourjob?Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby. 4.注意的四种结构: havesomethingtodo有某事要做 havesomethingdone使某事被做 havesomebodydosomething使某人做某事 havesomethingdoing让某事一直做着 5.需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词: seat,prepare,hide,dress 如:Iseatedmyselfonthechair. Iwasseatedonthechair. 6.分词做状语与不定式的区别: 分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等;而不定式表示目的和结果。 Havingfinishedthehomework,Iwenthome.(时间) BeingaPartymember,Ishouldworkhard.(原因) Givenmoretime,Icandomyworkbetter.(条件) Heranoutoftheclassroom,shoutingattheboy.(伴随) Togetmoreknowledge,wemustworkharderandharder.(目的) Heisoldenoughtojointhearmy.(结果) 7.分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别 arunninghorse现在分词=ahorsethatisrunning afallenleaf过去分词=aleafthathasalreadyfallen awalkingstick动名词=astickforwalking somethingtodo不定式=somethingthatIshoulddo 8.不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别: Ihaveaproblemtobediscussedatthemeeting.(将来) ThebuildingbeingbuiltontheriveristheScienceMuseum.(正在进行) Thebuildingcompletedthreeyearsagoisnowinbadconditions.(过去) 9.分词做状语需要注意的一个问题: 分词与句子主语的逻辑关系 Seeingfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(错误) Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(正确) Seeing与thecity不是主谓关系;seen与city是动宾关系 练习 I.单项选择 1.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists. A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting 2.______manytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit. A.HavingbeingtoldB.ThoughhadbeentoldC.Hewastold D.Havingtold 3.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath. A.tohaverestedB.testingC.torestD.rest 4.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman______inbed,dead. A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying 5.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_______itmoredifficult. A.tomakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.tonotmake 6.TheOlympicGames,_____in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplaysuntil1912. A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying 7.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting. ----Well,nowIregret____________that. A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone 8.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwithtalks,_______thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere. A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added 9._______areply,hedecidedtowriteagain. A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived 10.Thespeakerraisedhisvoice,buthestillcouldn’tmakehimself________. A.hearB.tohearC.hearingD.heard Robertissaid___abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountrybestudiedin. tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying II.用动词的正确形式填空 1.LittleTomshouldlove________(take)tothetheatrethisevening. 2.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_______(learn).Healwaysworkshard. 3.Thecomputercentre,______(open)lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool. 4.Goon_____(do)theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone. 5.Howabouttwoofus______(take)awalkdownthegarden. 答案: I 1.A2.C3.C4.A5.B6.C7.D8.C9.C10.D II 1.tobetaken;2.tolearn;3.opened;4.todo;5.taking (责任编辑:admin) |