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高二英语非谓语动词的概念用法及其专练(4)

http://www.newdu.com 2018-11-27 高考网 佚名 参加讨论

    四、非谓语动词学习应注意的问题及其练习
    非谓语动词是指分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)、不定式、动名词等三种形式,即:
    doing,done,todo,doing。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式,如:
    现在分词doing:有beingdone(被动式);havingdone(完成式);havingbeendo
    ne(完成被动式)
    不定式todo:有tobedone(被动式);tohavedone(完成式);tobedoing(进行式)
    动名词doing:有havingdone(完成式);beingdone(被动式);
    非谓语动词的特点:三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征,虽然它们没有人称和数的变化,但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征:分词具有形容词和副词的特征;动名词具有名词的特征;不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。具体来讲:分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等;动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等;不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。
    下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解:
    一.动词不定式
    先看几个例句,判断不定式在句中的成分。
    1.Tolearnaforeignlanguageisdifficult.
    2.Hiswishistobeadriver.
    3.Tomwantedtohaveacupofbeer.
    4.Theteachertoldustodomorningexercises.
    5.Ihavenothingtosay.
    6.Theywenttoseetheiraunt.
    7.It’seasytoseetheiraunt.
    8.Idon’tknowwhattodonext.
    9.Iheardthemmakeanoise.
    说明:1.动词不定式作主语,2.动词不定式作表语,3.动词不定式作宾语,4.动词不定式作宾语补足语,5.动词不定式作定语,6.动词不定式作目的状语,7.动词不定式作真正主语,it代替动词不定式,作形式主语。8.带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语,9.不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
    掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题:
    1.“to”是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to都是介词。
    agreetoobjecttocloseto,cometo,leadto,referto,
    equalto,familiarto,pointto,thankto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto
    2.带to还是不带to
    Ihavenochoicebuttogivein
    Icannotdoanythingbutgivein
    Isawhimentertheclassroom.
    (但是:Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.)
    3.动词不定式逻辑主语是由for作为标记的。但是有时用of.
    It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard.
    It’sfoolishofhimtodoit.
    与of连用的形容词有:
    good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,possible
    4.后接不定式作宾语的动词有:
    want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expectetc.
    需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语,而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而说Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.
    5.不定式的省略。下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to。
    wantto,wishto,hopeto,liketo,hateto,planto,tryto,loveto,haveto,o
    ughtto,needto,usedto,beableto
    6.不定式作定语,应注意两种关系:
    1)动宾关系:
    Hehasalotofmeetingtoattend.
    Pleaselendmesomethingtowritewith.
    Heislookingforaroomtolive
    Heislookingforaroomtolivein.
    Hehasnomoneyandnoplace
    tolive(in).
    Ithinkthebestwaytotravel(by)isonfoot.
    Thereisnotimetothink(about).
    2)主谓关系:
    Sheisalwaysthelast(person)tospeakatthemeeting.
    ----I’mgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealettertopost.(逻辑主语是I)
    -------Thankyou.ButIhavenoletterstobepostednow(逻辑主语不是I)
    7.不定式作状语,可以有以下几种意义:
    1)原因
    Heisluckytogethereontime.
    这种结构中常用的形容词有:
    happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious.lucky,fortunate,proud,angrysurprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy
    2)目的
    Hecametohelpmewithmymaths.
    3)结果
    Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout.
    Thebookistoohardfortheboytoread.
    Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.
    8.不定式作补足语
    Isawhimplayinthestreetjustnow.
    能跟不带to的不定式作补足语的动词有:
    see,feel,hear,listento,lookat,watch,let,havemake,observe,notice
    注:当这些词为被动式时,不定式要带to,如:
    Hewasseentoplayinthestreetjustnow.
    二.动名词
    LearningEnglishisverydifficult.
    学英语非常困难。
    Hisjobisdrivingabus.
    他的工作是开车。
    Ienjoydancing.
    我喜欢跳舞。
    Ihavegotusedtolivinginthecountry.
    我已经习惯了住农村。
    Takesomesleepingtablets,andyouwillsoonfallasleep.
    吃点安眠药,你很快就会入睡。
    注意以下几种结构:
    1.There’snotellingwhatwillhappen.
    =It’simpossibletotellwhatwillhappen.
    =Noonecantellwhatwillhappen.
    2.It’snousetalkingwithhim.
    It’snogoodspeakingtothemlikethat.
    3.There’ssomedifficulty(in)doing…
    在此句型中,difficulty可以由以下单词替换:
    trouble,problem,fun,pleasure,agoodtime,ahardtime
    注意以下几个问题:
    1.下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别,
    forgettodo…忘记要做某事
    forgetdoing…忘记做了某事
    remembertodo…记住要做某事
    rememberdoing…记着做了某事
    meantodo…有意要做某事
    meandoing…意味着做了某事
    regrettodo…对要做的事表示后悔
    regretdoing…对做过去的事后悔
    can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事
    can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事
    trytodo…尽力去做某事
    trydoing试着做某事
    learntodo…学着去做某事
    learndoing…学会做某事
    stoptodo…停下来去做(另一件事)
    stopdoing…停止做某事
    goontodo…接着做(另外一件事)
    goondoing…继续做某事
    usedtodo…过去做某事
    beusedtodoing…习惯做某事
    2.动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别
    动名词作定语表达n+fordoing的含义
    现在分词作定语表达n+which(who)bedoing的含义
    如:asleepingcar=acarforsleeping
    arunninghorse=ahorsewhichisrunning
    前者是动名词,后者是现在分词
    又如:drinkingwater,walkingstickrunningwater,sleepingboy
    3.动名词的逻辑主语:
    动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。
    例如:Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.
    4.动名词的语态和时态
    5.动名词主动形式表被动的情况:
    needdoing,wantdoing,requiredoing
    例如:Thisroomneedspainting.这个房间需要粉刷。
    6.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词:
    admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit.practise,require,suggest,risk,keep,taketo,lookforwardto,getdownto,feellike,can’thelp,can’tstand,beusedto,insiston,succeedin,setabout,giveup,include,
    三.分词
    1Thestoryisinteresting.I’minterestedinit.
    这个故事有兴趣,我对这个故事感兴趣。
    2.Thisisamovingfilm.
    这是一部动人的电影。
    3.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,preparingalongspeechforthepresident.
    秘书工作到深夜,为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。
    4.Givenmoretime,I’lldoitwell.
    如果给我多一点时间,我会做的更好。
    Whenhepassedthebackofthestreet,hesawthethiefstealingsomemoneyfromthebank.
    当他后街时,看到小偷正从银行偷钱。
    应注意的几个问题:
    1.现在分词与过去分词的区别
    DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?
    =DoyouknowthewomanwhoistalkingtoTom?
    Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.
    =Thesoldierwhowaswoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.
    ChinaisadevelopingcountryandAmericaisadevelopedcountry.
    2.分词作表语
    Thenewssoundsencouraging.
    Theygotveryexcited.
    1)现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别:
    Thenewsisinteresting.
    Heisinterestedinthenews.
    doing作表语,主语与表语是主谓关系;done作表语,主语与表语是动宾关系。
    2)表语与被动式的区别:
    TheblackboardwasbrokenbyXiaoMing.(强调动作)
    Theblackboardisbroken.You’dbetterhaveitrepaired.(强调状态)
    3)常作表语的过去分词:
    amused,injured,covered,known,dressed,lost,broken,gone,delighted,excited,pleased,satisfied,married,worried,surprised,interested,burnt,shut,crowded,wounded,drank,done
    3.现在分词、动名词现在进行时的区别
    Thesituationinourcountryisencouraging.(表语)
    Thesituationinourcountryisencouragingthepeople.(现在进行时)
    Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.(动名词)
    能回答how-question的是现在分词,能回答what-question的动名词,即不能回答how-question也不能回答what-question的是现在进行时。
    例如:Howisthesituationinourcountry?Itisencouraging.
    Whatisyourjob?Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.
    4.注意的四种结构:
    havesomethingtodo有某事要做
    havesomethingdone使某事被做
    havesomebodydosomething使某人做某事
    havesomethingdoing让某事一直做着
    5.需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词:
    seat,prepare,hide,dress
    如:Iseatedmyselfonthechair.
    Iwasseatedonthechair.
    6.分词做状语与不定式的区别:
    分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等;而不定式表示目的和结果。
    Havingfinishedthehomework,Iwenthome.(时间)
    BeingaPartymember,Ishouldworkhard.(原因)
    Givenmoretime,Icandomyworkbetter.(条件)
    Heranoutoftheclassroom,shoutingattheboy.(伴随)
    Togetmoreknowledge,wemustworkharderandharder.(目的)
    Heisoldenoughtojointhearmy.(结果)
    7.分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别
    arunninghorse现在分词=ahorsethatisrunning
    afallenleaf过去分词=aleafthathasalreadyfallen
    awalkingstick动名词=astickforwalking
    somethingtodo不定式=somethingthatIshoulddo
    8.不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别:
    Ihaveaproblemtobediscussedatthemeeting.(将来)
    ThebuildingbeingbuiltontheriveristheScienceMuseum.(正在进行)
    Thebuildingcompletedthreeyearsagoisnowinbadconditions.(过去)
    9.分词做状语需要注意的一个问题:
    分词与句子主语的逻辑关系
    Seeingfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(错误)
    Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(正确)
    Seeing与thecity不是主谓关系;seen与city是动宾关系
    练习
    I.单项选择
    1.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.
    A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting
    2.______manytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.
    A.HavingbeingtoldB.ThoughhadbeentoldC.Hewastold
    D.Havingtold
    3.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.
    A.tohaverestedB.testingC.torestD.rest
    4.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman______inbed,dead.
    A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying
    5.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_______itmoredifficult.
    A.tomakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.tonotmake
    6.TheOlympicGames,_____in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplaysuntil1912.
    A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying
    7.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.
    ----Well,nowIregret____________that.
    A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone
    8.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwithtalks,_______thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.
    A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added
    9._______areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.
    A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived
    10.Thespeakerraisedhisvoice,buthestillcouldn’tmakehimself________.
    A.hearB.tohearC.hearingD.heard
    Robertissaid___abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountrybestudiedin.
    tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying
    II.用动词的正确形式填空
    1.LittleTomshouldlove________(take)tothetheatrethisevening.
    2.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_______(learn).Healwaysworkshard.
    3.Thecomputercentre,______(open)lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.
    4.Goon_____(do)theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.
    5.Howabouttwoofus______(take)awalkdownthegarden.
    答案:
    I
    1.A2.C3.C4.A5.B6.C7.D8.C9.C10.D
    II
    1.tobetaken;2.tolearn;3.opened;4.todo;5.taking
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